United Kingdom
20% Standard rate
Reduced 5%
20% for most goods and services. 5% for some, for example children's car seats and home energy; 0% for zero-rated goods and services, for example most food and children's clothes.
As of 2026-09-26 · GOV.UK
VAT calculator: add VAT or remove it, net to gross and back
Type an amount, pick the rate and read net, VAT and gross at once. Add VAT to a net price, or use it as a reverse VAT calculator to take the VAT out of a gross one. Several lines at different rates add up the way an invoice has to show them: VAT per rate, then the total.
- Current rates per country, each with its official source and the day it was checked.
- Works backwards too: from a gross price, or from nothing but the VAT amount.
- Runs in your browser. No account, nothing sent, nothing stored.
Work out VAT
£
Please enter a number, for example 1,250.50.
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£
Please enter a number, for example 1,250.50.
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Result
- Net
- —
- VAT
- —
- Gross
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The totals are worked out once per rate and rounded once, which is how most invoices state them. That is why they can be a penny or a cent away from the sum of the lines.
United Kingdom: rates as of 2026-09-26, source: GOV.UK
Everything stays in this browser window. Nothing is sent or stored, and reloading the page clears it.
How VAT is worked out, and which rate applies
VAT is charged on the net amount. Working backwards therefore means dividing, not subtracting: the VAT in a gross price is a share of the gross price, not the rate applied to it.
Add VAT
gross = net × (1 + rate ÷ 100)
At 20%: 100.00 × 1.20 = 120.00.
Remove VAT
net = gross ÷ (1 + rate ÷ 100)
At 20%: 120.00 ÷ 1.20 = 100.00. Not 120.00 minus 20%, which gives 96.00.
The VAT inside a gross price
VAT = gross × rate ÷ (100 + rate)
At 20%: 120.00 × 20 ÷ 120 = 20.00, one sixth of the gross price.
The rates in this calculator
Ireland
23% Standard rate
Reduced 13.5% · 9% · 4.8%
23% standard rate. 13.5% reduced rate, 9% second reduced rate and 4.8% livestock rate, each for the goods and services Revenue lists under it.
As of 2026-09-26 · Revenue
Germany
19% Standard rate
Reduced 7%
19% standard rate (§ 12 (1) UStG). 7% for the supplies § 12 (2) lists, among them the goods in its Annex 2, admission to theatres, concerts and museums, and restaurant and catering services except drinks. 0% for certain solar installations (§ 12 (3)).
As of 2026-09-26 · § 12 UStG
When no VAT is added at all
United Kingdom: a business must register for VAT once its total taxable turnover for the last 12 months goes over £90,000, or as soon as it expects its taxable turnover to go over £90,000 in the next 30 days (GOV.UK).
Ireland: registration is obligatory once annual turnover exceeds €42,500 for a business supplying services only, or €85,000 for one supplying goods; Revenue lists the special cases (Revenue).
Germany: a small business under § 19 UStG, with turnover of at most €25,000 in the previous calendar year and at most €100,000 in the current one, makes its supplies exempt from VAT.
Every other country: the threshold is set nationally. Check it with that country's tax authority before you rely on a 0% line here.
Rates and thresholds checked on 26 September 2026 against the sources named. The calculator does the arithmetic; which rate applies to a particular sale is decided by the rules of your country, and in case of doubt by your tax adviser.
Frequently asked questions
Divide the gross price by 1 plus the rate: at 20% divide by 1.20, at 5% by 1.05. Subtracting 20% from the gross price gives the wrong figure, because the VAT was added to the net amount, not to the gross one: 120.00 minus 20% is 96.00, while the net amount was 100.00.
Multiply the gross price by the rate and divide by 100 plus the rate. At 20% that is one sixth of the gross price, at 5% one twenty-first. Choose “From the VAT” above if you only know the VAT amount and need the net and gross amounts.
The standard rate, unless the law of your country puts the goods or service on a reduced list. In the UK that is 20% for most goods and services, with 5% and 0% for those GOV.UK lists; in Ireland 23%, with 13.5%, 9% and 4.8% for the supplies Revenue lists. If one invoice mixes rates, enter one line per rate.
Because the VAT is worked out once per rate on the sum of the lines and rounded once. Rounding every line first and adding the results can land a penny or a cent away. Both methods are in use: in the UK, HMRC lets you work VAT out per line or on the invoice total, as long as you do it consistently (VAT Notice 700, 17.5). The calculator says so under the result when it happens.
Only to check other people's prices. In the UK a business has to register once its taxable turnover for the last 12 months goes over £90,000, or once it expects to go over £90,000 in the next 30 days (GOV.UK). In Ireland registration is obligatory above €42,500 of annual turnover for services and €85,000 for goods (Revenue). In Germany a small business under § 19 UStG, with turnover of at most €25,000 in the previous year and at most €100,000 in the current one, charges no VAT because its supplies are exempt. Other countries set their own limits.
Yes. Choose “Other country” and type the rate. The arithmetic is the same everywhere; only the rate and the currency sign change, and the rate you type is yours to check.
No. The calculation runs in your browser; the page sends nothing and stores nothing. Copying puts the result on your clipboard and printing goes to your printer, both from this tab. Reloading the page clears it.